Of the European explorers of Australia, the one I’ve found least fascinating is John McDouall Stuart. I can’t fully explain why this is so, maybe it’s his surly Scottishness (the word dour is even hidden in his name) or the fact his exploits came from South Australia and not the east coast which I’m more familiar with. Whatever it was, I admit I have underestimated his greatness after reading John Bailey’s Mr Stuart’s Track.
Stuart was a loner who battled alcoholism and ill-health due to stomach ulcers. He was the first European to cross Australia from south to north and then back again. His exploits ensured Adelaide was the base of the Overland Telegraph to the East Indies. It was a long way from Dysart, near Edinburgh, where Stuart was born in 1815 and was orphaned by age 10. After a difficult childhood he enrolled at the Scottish Naval and Military Academy and graduated as a surveyor. Career options were limited due to his short stature and chronic ulcers and he sailed to Adelaide in 1838 where he joined the South Australian survey department.
Here he learned the rudiments of bushcraft travelling to the edge of settled regions for weeks, while dividing the bush into squares for settlement. He quickly became an accomplished bushman, learning self reliance and outlasting most others on long rides, 50km or more a day. He lost his job after the economic depression of the early 1840s. In 1844 he heard his former surveyor-general boss and explorer Charles Sturt was launching a new expedition to the unknown centre of Australia. Sturt believed the birds he saw flying north were heading to an inland sea and he was determined to find it.
Stuart signed on to Sturt’s expedition as a draughtsman and they left Adelaide for Menindee. Despite several sorties west from the Darling, the party found no waterholes and were trapped for months at Depot Glen near Milparinka. After a colleague’s death, Stuart became chief draughtsman and led several sorties to find Sturt’s phantom lake. All they found was Sturt’s Stony Desert (SA) and the Simpson Desert (Qld). The expedition returned to Adelaide after 18 month feeling it was a failure.
Stuart’s ulcers flared up on the return journey putting him out of action for 12 months. Doctors feared he would die but he recovered and became an outback surveyor. In the Flinders Ranges he took on engagements for wealthy business partners and landholders, William Finke and James Chambers. Finke took Stuart into uncharted regions to find copper and gold. While prospecting, Stuart told Finke about the Sturt expedition and his belief in “Wingillpin”, supposedly well-watered country known to Aborigines beyond the frontier.
In 1858, Finke funded Stuart’s first expedition as leader to find Wingillpin and its treasured grazing lands. Setting out from Chambers’ Oratunga mine they went clockwise around Lake Torrens and then north-west, 50km a day, heading wherever Stuart thought there was water. The sight of ducks was cheery at a place he named Chambers Creek, which would become crucial in the journeys to follow. After 12 days he was surrounded by sandhills, which gave way to bare stony plains, quashing his hopes of finding Wingillpin. Low on water he headed south past where Coober Pedy is now, through stony plains, mulga scrub and sandhills before arriving at the Great Australian Bight, eventually finding a settler’s outstation supplied by sea.
Stuart’s heroic three-month journey was the talk of Adelaide, as a battling bushman who made great discoveries without government assistance. Finke and Chambers studied Stuart’s map and journal with particular interest in Chambers Creek. Under Chambers’ direction Stuart applied for 1500 square miles of land but the government demanded a fresh survey to clear up map inconsistencies. In 1859 Chambers and Finke charged Stuart to take cattle to the creek in a second expedition and see what else he could find.
The squatters were interested in the possibility of gold, which had transformed Victoria. Stuart set off on April 2, taking a new route between Lake Torrens and Lake Eyre. He named Herrgott Springs for David Herrgott, the Bavarian artist commissioned by Chambers, who found the new water source. A week later Stuart arrived at Chambers Creek where he named a hill Mount Polly after his faithful horse. After completing a survey his party headed north-west and found Elizabeth Springs which he named for Chambers’ daughter. They found no gold but came upon a water spring gushing from a creekbed he called the Spring of Hope. Further springs fed by the Great Artesian Basin took them north of present day Oodnadatta. Stuart’s flaring ulcer and the lack of horse shoes forced him to retreat when just 160km south of the Northern Territory, then administered by New South Wales.
Back in Adelaide, Stuart gave Chambers the new maps. Chambers retraced the maps, removed the locations of good lands and possible gold and renamed many of Stuart’s features for local politicians. Mount Polly was one of the few features to survive the cull and he sent the new sketch map to Governor Richard MacDonnell, who was angry at the missing bits and even more galled at having nothing named for him.
The government remained reluctant to issue Stuart his permit and instead sold some of it at auction. There was a new consideration. The rival colony of Victoria announced a transcontinental crossing using camels. South Australia needed its own exploring hero to win the race but Chambers had already sent Stuart north on his third expedition – to find what lay north of Lake Eyre and also see where gold might lie.
Stuart set off in November 1859, barely a month after the second expedition and still not fully recovered. Second-in-command was William Kekwick, whose quiet ways suited Stuart. They followed Lake Eyre, finding fish but could not solve the mystery of its source. The massive basin was not fully mapped until 1897. Stuart was suffering with trachoma eye infection but found springs he named for Kekwick. They found no gold and returned to Chambers Creek where he sacked his team except for his loyal deputy.
He then decided on a fourth expedition to find a way through to the centre with Kekwick’s help plus 18-year-old youth, Ben Head. They started in a rare downpour, floundering in mud and high creeks. Three weeks out they named Mount Ben and Heads Range for their new companion, west of Oodnadatta. Heading North West they crossed into the Territory, throwing their hats into the air and cheering. Stuart found central Australia’s largest river (though it was only a few pools) which he named his sponsor Finke.
They found a sandstone monolith they called Chambers Pillar for his other sponsor and a week later a high broken range that finally got the governor on the map – the MacDonnell Ranges. Heading north they found no water so they retreated but continued their hunt for the centre which Stuart judged to be his camp site at 111° 00′ 30″. A few kms north Stuart named a high mount Mount Sturt “after my commander”. They planted a flag in the cairn and gave three cheers as “a sign to the natives that the dawn of liberty, civilisation and Christianity is about to break on them”.
They continued north, Stuart aiming for the Victoria River, 800km away. Headed for the harsh Tanami Desert they found a spring and a native well but then nothing. After three dry days Stuart turned around and began a desperate journey back in thirsty ill-health. As well as scurvy, Stuart had ulcers and severe shoulder pain when Polly dismounted him, frightened by a wallaby. Yet back at Mount Sturt they headed north again finding water, helped by thunderstorms. They found Bonney Creek, Tennant Creek and Bishop Creek but ended up back in the Tanami stuck in heavy scrub. At another creek he encountered the Warumungu people who were initially friendly. Suddenly 30 warriors blocked their path screaming and holding raised spears. The Europeans retreated, showered in boomerangs, their way confused by deliberately lit grass fires. Stuart and Kekwick fired shots and the warriors dispersed. Stuart was tight-lipped about the death toll, merely saying, “coming near us we gave them another reception.” Though the Warumungu were defending scarce water supply, Stuart named the site Attack Creek.
They headed for home, an agonisingly slow 1900km journey to a steamer at Port Augusta. Back in Adelaide on October 7, 1860, Stuart rushed to Chambers who again changed names on the maps including Mount Sturt which became Central Mount Stuart. Newspapers promoted a race to the north as Victoria had mounted the Burke and Wills Expedition. But South Australians believed their hero Stuart could beat them if given the chance, having solved the mystery of the inland.
The South Australian government gave £2500 to outfit Sturt’s new expedition and offered another £2000 if completed successfully. Still weakened from his fourth expedition, Stuart interviewed men to join him on the fifth, plus Kekwick and Head. Stuart arrived at Chambers Creek on December 12 and set off north on New Year’s Eve with 11 men and 49 horses, his biggest and best equipped expedition. In intense heat they travelled north to the Finke River finding little water. The tracks from his previous trip to the MacDonnell Ranges were still visible. They marched through the ranges to Bonney Creek which he hoped would lead to the Victoria River and the north coast but it dribbled away to nothing.
They headed north into the Sturt Plains and found an important new water supply. A jubilant Stuart named it Glandfield Lagoon for the mayor of Adelaide though Chambers again had the last word later changing it to Newcastle Waters for the British secretary of state for the colonies. Attempts to reach the Gulf of Carpentaria were thwarted by deep holes in the black alluvial soil which trapped the horses. Other sorties north ended in dry scrub. In nine weeks he made 11 failed attempts to break through Sturt Plains and he retreated back to Adelaide feeling he had let his men down.
Despite failing to reach the sea, his support remained overwhelming. With no news of Burke and Wills, a telegraph line that needed laying, and barely 100 miles to the Victoria River, the state parliament was keen to fund a sixth expedition. As that prepared in November 1861 news came through Burke and Wills were dead. Stuart was determined to finish the job. He set off from Chambers Creek in January 1862 without Head but with Kekwick and others.
They rode hard through summer heat north through the MacDonnell Ranges. By mid march they were at Bonney Creek, the first running water they had seen in 1500km. At Newcastle Waters Stuart considered how to bypass the Sturt Plain. For five weeks, he led sorties until one day he found an open grassy plain fed by a natural basin. He called it Frew’s Ironstone Pond after a man in his party and later found Howell Ponds. It was a path north.
They were stuck for a while before they found King’s Chain of Ponds and then McGorrerey Ponds. They followed the ponds which turned into a broad and deep creek Stuart joyfully named Daly Waters for new governor Sir Dominic Daly who replaced MacDonnell. Stuart continue to go where the water led him. They followed a mostly dry riverbed he called the Strangways. They were now in lands Europeans had travelled before (Leichhardt in 1845 and Augustus Gregory in 1856). The Strangways emptied into the fast flowing Roper River which they crossed with difficulty.
Stuart diverged from Gregory’s track to the Gulf to find a direct route to the top end. They followed a Roper tributary he called the Chambers River through Arnhem Land into a lush tropical forest and landed on the Adelaide River which British sailor Ben Helpman surveyed in 1839. They moved to a parallel river they called the Mary for Chambers’ daughter and followed it to the coast where it disappeared in the mangroves. The men sloshed through water for 10 kms before cutting their way through bushes and seeing the waters of Van Diemen Gulf (east of Darwin) on July 24, 1862. “The sea! the sea!” they cried in disbelief. Stuart took off his boots and lit his pipe, a life dream satisfied. His travelling days were over.
Except he needed to get home. They had a 3100km ride ahead and dwindling supplies. Stuart’s comrades noticed the life had gone out of him and he no longer led from the front. On the Roper River, Stuart was seized with shoulder pain and had trouble breathing. Though he resumed riding, he was in constant pain and his eyesight worsened.
Heading south through Sturt Plains was as hard as heading north and the need for water was desperate. Stuart was afflicted with scurvy and severe malnutrition and his men thought he would die. The journey was slow and difficult with Stuart lifted onto his horse. Eventually they constructed a stretcher which carried him between two horses. In November the emaciated party were spotted by a South Australian herdsman who told them Chambers had died three months earlier.
With Stuart fragile, Kekwick raced on to Adelaide to deliver the news. Stuart was mobbed in every town and they finally arrived in the city on December 17, greeted by a huge crowd. A doctor prescribed immediate rest and Stuart lay low until planned celebrations in the new year. On January 21, Adelaide’s biggest ever crowd gathered to watch the cavalcade as Stuart formally presented his journals and maps to governor Daly. The same day 40,000 mourners attended Burke and Wills’ funeral in Melbourne.
Stuart took to the drink, too ill to travel bush again. He retired to Cobdogla station on the Murray then back to Adelaide before quietly sailing back to Britain in 1864. He presented papers to Royal Geographical Society but lived in straitened circumstances until he died on June 5, 1866, aged 50. He was buried at Kensal Green cemetery, with just seven mourners including his sister.
Stuart’s legacy was immense. Port Darwin was established in 1869. The international telegraph line followed his route within 10 years, linking Australia with the world. The railway line followed the track of his second expedition and in the Second World War a highway replaced the rutted telegraph track between Alice Springs and Darwin. In 1943 it was sealed and named for Stuart though only the central sections follow his route.
John Bailey calls Stuart Australia’s greatest explorer. Stuart spent more time in the field and travelled further than any other taking part in Sturt’s exploration and leading six expeditions of his own. He revealed Central Australia in all its rugged glory, though his promised “dawn of liberty, civilisation and Christianity” was never delivered to the original inhabitants. They mostly lost their land and the lives to the settlers that followed Stuart.